Cartons per layer is computed by trying both carton orientations on the pallet footprint and picking the better fit.
Layers = floor(max stack height ÷ carton height). Cartons per pallet = layers × cartons per layer, capped by pallet max payload.
Standard pallet sizes: AU/NZ 1165×1165mm (max ~1,000 kg), EUR 1200×800mm (max ~1,500 kg), US GMA 1200×1000mm (max ~1,360 kg).
⚠ Stacking height limits: 1.6 m for road in AU, 2.2 m typical for sea container, 1.6 m for air ULD. Fragile cargo “do not stack” adds wasted air space.
⚠ Hazmat (DG class 1–9), lithium batteries, and aerosols may need single-stack pallets, segregation, or specialist wrapping (UN-rated boxes).
Real-world pallet utilisation rarely exceeds 85% — allow buffer for shrink-wrap, edge protectors, and overhang rules (max 50mm in AU).
Estimates only — final pricing depends on actual cargo, route, season, and carrier capacity. Get a binding quote before committing.